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6.
Multimedia | Recursos Multimídia | ID: multimedia-10718

RESUMO

Como os papéis que a sociedade imagina para homens e mulheres influenciam a vivência de meninas e mulheres na ciência, seja como pesquisadoras, seja como participantes de pesquisa? Venha pensar conosco sobre como otimizar essas relações.


Assuntos
Assédio Sexual , Sexismo , Papel de Gênero , Preconceito , Experimentação Humana/ética , Brasil , Ciência/história
7.
Br J Hist Sci ; 56(2): 185-203, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37139797

RESUMO

Joseph Needham occupies a central position in the historical narrative underpinning the most influential practitioner-derived definition of 'science diplomacy'. The brief biographical sketch produced by the Royal Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science sets Needham's activities in the Second World War as an exemplar of a science diplomacy. This article critically reconsiders Needham's wartime activities, shedding light on the roles played by photographs in those diplomatic activities and his onward dissemination of them as part of his self-fashioning. Images were important to the British biochemist, and he was an avid amateur photographer himself, amassing a unique collection of hundreds of images relating to science, technology and medicine in wartime China during his time working as director of the Sino-British Science Co-operation Office. These included ones produced by China's Nationalist Party-led government, and by the Chinese Communist Party. Focusing on these photographs, this article examines the way Joseph Needham used his experiences to underpin claims to authority which, together with the breadth of his networks, enabled him to establish himself as an international interlocutor. All three aspects formed essential parts of his science diplomacy.


Assuntos
Diplomacia , Fotografação , Ciência , Humanos , China , Medicina , II Guerra Mundial , História do Século XX , Ciência/história , Tecnologia/história
9.
NTM ; 31(1): 51-82, 2023 03.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36790448

RESUMO

By taking the work and life of the historian of mathematics Heinrich Wieleitner as an example, this study aims to highlight the many interrelations between the historiography of mathematics, mathematics education, and science communication in mathematics.By integrating aspects of the history of media, this case study also explores mathematical public relations work in the 20th century and draws attention to the important persons, institutions and contents. The focus is on the Weimar period, in which the self-understanding of mathematics was challenged in different ways by far-reaching cultural debates. The article demonstrates that as a consequence of a changing media landscape, Weimar culture turned out to be a suitable environment for the successful self-presentation of mathematics.


Assuntos
Historiografia , Ciência , História do Século XX , Ciência/história , Comunicação , Matemática , Resolução de Problemas
10.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-212892

RESUMO

Many Biomechanics texts and courses begin with a historical introduction. This usually describes the contributions of a large number of people who, over many centuries, have been fundamental to the development of this science. In these presentations it is often stated that the term Biomechanik (Biomechanics) appears to have been used for the first time in 1887 by Dr. Moriz Benedikt, in Über Mathematische Morphologie und Biomechanik. However, this term was previously used by the physiologist William Preyer in 1873 and 1883. In this short article, we show these first mentions and frame them in the context of other terms, Biostatik (Biostatics) and Biodynamik (Biodynamics), used at that time. Finally, as a secondary result of the research, we found what could be the first textbook that specifically addresses Biomechanics as a new object of scientific knowledge.(AU)


Muchos textos y cursos de Biomecánica comienzan con una introducción histórica. Esta suele describir las aportaciones de un gran número de personas que, a lo largo de muchos siglos, han sido fundamentales para el desarrollo de esta ciencia. En estas presentaciones se afirma a menudo que el término Biomechanik (Biomecánica) parece haber sido utilizado por primera vez en 1887 por el Dr. Moriz Benedikt, en Über Mathematische Morphologie und Biomechanik. Sin embargo, este término fue utilizado previamente por el fisiólogo William Preyer en 1873 y 1883. En este breve artículo, mostramos estas primeras menciones y las enmarcamos en el contexto de otros términos, Biostatik (Biostática) y Biodynamik (Biodinámica), utilizados en ese momento. Finalmente, como resultado secundario de la investigación, encontramos el que podría ser el primer libro de texto que aborde específicamente la Biomecánica como un nuevo objeto de conocimiento científico.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Fisiologia , História da Medicina , Ciência/história , Vitalismo
11.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212893

RESUMO

La obra de Guillaume Benjamín Amand Duchenne (1806-1871) ha sido ampliamente recogida y analizada. La mayoría de sus biógrafos destacan a un extraordinario científico y clínico, que revolucionó el campo de la neurología y la electroterapia. Sin embargo, se considera que no ha sido suficientemente destacada su mayor aportación: ser el nexo entre dos campos que habían sido independientes hasta ese momento, la electrofisiología y la fotografía artística. La culminación de esta simbiosis sería la publicación de Mécanisme De La Physionomie Humaine: Où, Analyse Électro-Physiologique De L’expression Des Passions, publicada en 1862. Para los autores del presente trabajo, el objetivo final de la obra de Duchenne no fue solo el de un científico y clínico, fue también el de un artista, empeñado en reflejar y desentrañar los mecanismos de la emoción y del sentimiento. Incluso, pretendió establecer un canon estético en la pintura y escultura en la expresión facial, que reflejase su ideal de belleza. Su obra, tuvo importantes repercusiones en la neurología y la electroterapia, en la fotografía médica y en el desarrollo de un nuevo espacio escénico: la representación del movimiento corporal provocado por corrientes eléctricas, el denominado Electric Performance Art.(AU)


The work of Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne (1806-1871) has been widely collected and analyzed. Most of his biographers highlight an extraordinary scientific and clinician, who revolutionized the field of neurology and electrotherapy. It is considered though that his most important contribution has not been sufficiently highlighted: he was the nexus of union between two fields independent until then, electrophysiology and artistic photograph. The culmination of this symbiosis is the publication of Mécanisme De La Physionomie Humaine: Où, Analyse Électro-Physiologique De L’expression Des Passions published in 1862. To the authors of the present study, the goal of Duchenne’s work was not only that of a scientific and clinician but also that of an artist, determined to reflect and unravel the mechanisms of emotion and feeling. He even intended to establish an aesthetic canon in painting and sculpture in facial expression, reflecting his ideal of beauty. His work had important repercussions in neurology and electrotherapy, in medical photography and in the development of a new scenic space: the representation of body movement provoked by electric currents, named Electric Performance Art.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Neurologia , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica , Psicologia , Arte , História do Século XIX , Ciência/história , História da Medicina
12.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212895

RESUMO

La Parálisis General Progresiva (PGP), último estadio de la neurosífilis, presentaba un pronóstico nefasto en las primeras décadas del siglo XX -una mortalidad superior al 85 % a los 2 años de la hospitalización-, a pesar de los tratamientos disponibles (bromuros, compuesto de mercurio y derivados arsenicales). La malarioterapia (paludismo experimental), propuesta por el médico austriaco Wagner von Jauregg, se propagó rápidamente al generar grandes expectativas de curación para los paralíticos generales. En España, Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora comenzó a utilizar dicha técnica a partir de 1924, pero su utilización fue muy desigual en las diferentes áreas geográficas e instituciones psiquiátricas. Si bien la práctica de la malarioterapia en Madrid ya ha sido objeto de estudio, existe un vacío historiográfico sobre el tratamiento con paludismo experimental en Cataluña, a pesar de contar con las series de casos publicadas más extensas. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la experiencia con la malarioterapia de Belarmino Rodríguez Arias y José Pons Balmes que trabajaron, principalmente, en el Servicio Municipal Psiquiátrico de Barcelona (Asilo del Parque) y el Manicomio de San Boi, pero también con pacientes del Hospital Clínico (Provincial) y de clínicas particulares.(AU)


General Paralysis of Insane (GPI) is the last stage of syphilis whose prognosis was dire in the first decades of the 20th century -a mortality rate of over 85% within 2 years of hospitalization-, despite the bromides, mercurials or arsenicals. Malaria therapy, proposed by the Austrian physician Wagner von Jauregg, generated great expectations of cure for the general paralitic so the treatment was spread out of the world. Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora introduced the malaria therapy in Spain in 1924, but there was an unequal implantation of this treatment. Until now, there are not studies on malary therapy in Catalonia, although Belarmino Rodríguez-Arias and José Pons-Balmes published the most extensive case series in Spain. The aim of this article is to describe tha malaria therapy used by both neuropsychiatrits who worked in the Municipal Psychiatric Service in Barcelona (Asilo del Parque), the San Boi Asylum, the Clinic Hospital (Provincial) and private hospitals.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Neurossífilis , Malária , História do Século XX , Ciência/história , História da Medicina , Espanha
13.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212896

RESUMO

La investigación describe alguno de los conocimientos científicos que ayudan a construir la trayectoria vital del dominico Ignacio Muñoz Pinciano, en sus estancias en Filipinas, Nueva España y en la Corte de Felipe IV. Especial interés reviste en las fuentes directas de sus conocimientos científicos de base geométrica que han llegado a nuestros días, y cuya utilización por parte del dominico se adaptan a las necesidades del mantenimiento de imperio español en el siglo XVII. La documentación manuscrita y representaciones gráficas del dominico aportan numerosas referencias sobre su saber geométrico que nos permiten comprender la base de su conocimiento científico y su singular aportación recogido bajo el título de “manifiestos geométricos”.(AU)


The research describes some of the scientific knowledge that help to build the life trajectory of the Dominican Ignacio Muñoz Pinciano, during his stays in the Philippines, New Spain, and the Court of Philip IV. He is particularly interested in the direct sources of his geometrically based scientific knowledge that have survived to the present day, and whose use by the Dominican is adapted to the needs of maintaining the Spanish empire in the 17th century. The Dominican’s own handwritten documentation and graphic representations provide numerous references to his geometric knowledge that allow us to understand the basis of his scientific knowledge and his unique contribution collected under the title of “geometric manifestos”.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XVII , Matemática , Conhecimento , Ciência/história , História da Medicina
14.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212897

RESUMO

El objetivo de este artículo es aproximarnos a la historia del gabinete antropométrico de la prisión Modelo de Barcelona entre 1895 y 1918. Será revisada la confluencia entre las nociones jurídicas, científicas y religiosas que los agentes correctores de la cárcel introdujeron en el gabinete, así como las discusiones, tensiones e interpretaciones que produjo su práctica. Para llevar a cabo este propósito la investigación girará en torno a las siguientes preguntas ¿cómo se consolidó la antropometría criminal en Barcelona? ¿Cuáles fueron las características de su proceso de apropiación? ¿las posturas vernáculas de los agentes correctores de la Modelo implicaron una transformación en el sistema antropométrico? y ¿cuáles fueron las consideraciones de los presos frente a este saber? Para responder estas preguntas, este artículo problematizará metodológicamente sobre las perspectivas enunciadas, primero, por la prensa local y los escritos de los representantes de la prisión Modelo, desde donde se interseccionó el ideal de prevención y corrección. Además, se hará un acercamiento a las experiencias escritas por los individuos antropometrizados, con las cuales se ofrecerá una constelación de representaciones microhistóricas y regresivas que develarán la criminalización del enemigo político, de las clases subalternas y el funcionamiento mismo del gabinete.(AU)


The aim of this article is to offer an approach to the history of the anthropometric cabinet for criminal identification at the Modelo Prison in Barcelona between 1895 and 1918, reviewing the confluence of legal, scientific and religious notions that prison correctional officers introduced into the cabinet. Based on these considerations, we will ask the following questions: how criminal anthropometry was consolidated in Barcelona? what were the characteristics of its appropriation process? did this imply a process of transformation of anthropometry by the vernacular postures of those who had access to it? and what were the considerations of the prisoners in relation to this knowledge? In order to answer these questions, this article will methodologically problematize around the perspectives enunciated, first, by the local press and the writings of the representatives of the Modelo prison, through which the ideal of prevention and correction was intersected. And secondly, by seeking a reading from the experiences written by anthropometrized individuals, which offers a constellation of representations conducive to discuss the criminalization of the political enemies, the subaltern classes and the operation itself at the cabinet.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Antropometria , Prisões , Prisioneiros , Reincidência , Criminosos , Espanha , Ciência/história , História da Medicina
15.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212898

RESUMO

L’articolo indaga la partecipazione degli studiosi italiani al First International Eugenics Congress, tenutosi a Londra, sotto la presidenza di Leonard Darwin (24-30 luglio 1912). L’analisi delle relazioni presentate dagli eugenisti italiani rivela le caratteristiche principali del movimento eugenico nazionale: un’impostazione interdisciplinare, che coinvolge antropologia, psichiatria, sociologia, demografia, economia e politica; il ruolo preminente riconosciuto alle condizioni sociali e ambientali; l’enfasi posta sulle riforme educative e igieniche. Allo stesso tempo, tuttavia, l’articolo mostra come alcuni importanti eugenisti italiani fossero in linea di principio favorevoli all’adozione di misure repressive, tra cui la sterilizzazione degli inadatti; la rifiutavano unicamente per ragioni pratiche, dal momento che era difficile sterilizzare interi gruppi umani e vincere la resistenza della popolazione e della Chiesa cattolica. Questo aspetto consente di sottolineare i limiti del concetto di eugenica latina applicato al caso italiano. Inoltre, l’articolo sostiene che il congresso ha costituito una svolta nella storia dell’eugenica italiana, fornendo una cornice istituzionale al movimento, incoraggiando la discussione di questioni relative al miglioramento umano nel dibattito scientifico e politico e segnando il passaggio da un’eugenica qualitativa a un’eugenica quantitativa.(AU)


The article investigates the participation of the Italian scholars in the First International Eugenics Congress held in London, under the presidency of Leonard Darwin (24-30 July 1912). The analysis of the papers presented by the Italian eugenicists reveals the main features of the national eugenics movement: an interdisciplinary approach, involving anthropology, psychiatry, sociology, demography, economics, and politics; the prominent role recognized to social and environmental conditions; the emphasis on educational and hygiene reforms. At the same time, however, the article shows how some relevant Italian eugenicists were in principle in favor of the adoption of repressive measures, such as the sterilization of the unfit. They rejected it only for practical reasons: it was difficult to sterilize entire human groups and overcome the resistance of the population and the Catholic Church. This aspect allows us to underline the limits of the concept of Latin eugenics applied to the Italian case. Furthermore, the article argues that the Congress represented a turning point in the history of Italian eugenics, providing an institutional framework to the movement, encouraging the discussion of issues related to human betterment in scientific and political debate, and marking the transition from a qualitative eugenics to a quantitative eugenics.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Eugenia (Ciência) , Antropologia , Psiquiatria , Sociologia , Demografia , Economia , Política , Grupos Raciais , Itália , Ciência/história , História da Medicina
16.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212899

RESUMO

A comienzos del siglo XX, las altas cifras de morbi-mortalidad infantil generaron una preocupación creciente del movimiento Higienista, que articuló una respuesta sanitaria compleja, que combinó, entre otras medidas, la puesta en marcha de nuevas instituciones dedicadas a la puericultura y la utilización de nuevas estrategias como la educación para la salud y la divulgación sanitaria. En este contexto, las madres, consideradas causa y solución del problema, fueron el objetivo de dichas estrategias sanitarias dirigidas a mejorar las prácticas de los cuidados infantiles. Las profesionales femeninas próximas a las madres y a los niños, sobre todo maestras y enfermeras, se convirtieron en agentes de promoción de la salud, involucrando a las mujeres en las mejoras de la salud familiar. En la presente investigación, se presenta el estudio de caso de Valencia, como ejemplo de la emergencia de una acción profesional femenina que, a pesar de su visibilidad limitada, fue clave en la mejora de la salud infantil.(AU)


At the beginning of the 20th century, high infant morbidity and mortality rates generated a growing concern in the hygienist movement, which articulated a complex health response that combined, among other measures, the implementation of new institutions dedicated to child care and the use of new strategies such as health education and health promotion. In this context, mothers, seen as both the cause and the solution to the problem, were the target of such health strategies aimed at improving childcare practices. Female professionals close to mothers and children, especially teachers and nurses, became agents of health promotion, involving women in family health improvements. In this research, the case study of Valencia is presented as an example of the emergence of a female professional action that, despite its limited visibility, was key in the improvement of child health.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Cuidado da Criança , Mulheres/educação , História do Século XX , Enfermagem , História da Medicina , Ciência/história , Espanha
17.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212900

RESUMO

Desde una perspectiva histórico crítica, este trabajo analiza diversos artículos de la Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal publicados entre 1914 y 1927 que se han ocupado de clasificar y establecer un diagnóstico médico legal infantil en la Argentina. A su vez, se articula la perspectiva histórica con un enfoque de género, en tanto se plantean las especificidades presentes para niños varones en tales clasificaciones e intervenciones por parte de los saberes psi de la época. La producción de conocimiento sobre los criminales varones, se piensa como respuesta a múltiples problemas sociales como la delincuencia juvenil, la deambulación en las calles y las posibilidades de una rehabilitación/reeducación temprana. Se recuperan las ideas naturalistas y evolucionistas que funcionaron como una matriz de análisis e intervención en el proceso de difusión de los saberes expertos en la Argentina en el periodo delimitado por este artículo.(AU)


From a critical historical perspective, this paper analyses various articles from the Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal published between 1914 and 1927 that have been concerned with classifying and establishing a medical-legal diagnosis of children in Argentina. At the same time, the historical perspective is articulated with a gender approach, insofar as the specificities present for male children in such classifications and interventions by the psi knowledge of the time are raised. The production of knowledge about male criminals is seen as a response to multiple social problems such as juvenile delinquency, wandering in the streets and the possibilities of early rehabilitation/re-education. This paper also addresses the naturalistic and evolutionary ideas that functioned as a common ground for the analysis and intervention in the process of dissemination of expert knowledge in Argentina.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Medicina Legal , Criminologia , Psiquiatria Infantil , Psicologia/história , Masculinidade , História da Medicina , Ciência/história
18.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212901

RESUMO

Los museos de historia natural han vivido una gran transformación a lo largo de su historia, y se han consolidado hoy en día como verdaderos centros de investigación y divulgación social de la ciencia. El caso concreto del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid no ha sido una excepción. El presente trabajo pretende analizar una época y un relato clave de este Museo: los primeros años de la posguerra española y las consecuencias que tuvo la Guerra Civil para la evolución de esta institución. Se trató de una etapa en la que el Museo tuvo que hacer frente a grandes pérdidas de material, experimentó cambios administrativos, sufrió depuraciones de personal y contó con una sensación generalizada de desinterés y descomposición. El inicio de este periodo de dificultades se alejó del ambiente modernizador que se venía fraguando durante la Edad de Plata y, en definitiva, paralizó rotundamente la actividad científica y museográfica de la institución.(AU)


Natural history museums have undergone a great transformation throughout their history, and have consolidated themselves today as true centers of research and social dissemination of science. The specific case of the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid has not been an exception. This paper aims to analyze a key period and a story of this Museum, the first decade of the Spanish post-war period, and the consequences of the Civil War for the evolution of this institution. This was a period in which the Museum had to deal with large losses of material, underwent administrative changes, suffered staff purges, and a general feeling of disinterest and decay. The beginning of this difficult period moved away from the modernizing environment that was developing during the Silver Age, and ultimately halted the scientific and museography activity of the institution was stopped.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Exposições Científicas , Disciplinas das Ciências Naturais , História Natural , Espanha , História da Medicina , Ciência/história
19.
Asclepio ; 74(2)dic. 2022. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-212902

RESUMO

La Parálisis General Progresiva (PGP), último estadio de la neurosífilis, presentaba un pronóstico nefasto en las primeras décadas del siglo XX -una mortalidad superior al 85 % a los 2 años de la hospitalización-, a pesar de los tratamientos disponibles (bromuros, compuesto de mercurio y derivados arsenicales). La malarioterapia (paludismo experimental), propuesta por el médico austriaco Wagner von Jauregg, se propagó rápidamente al generar grandes expectativas de curación para los paralíticos generales. En España, Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora comenzó a utilizar dicha técnica a partir de 1924, pero su utilización fue muy desigual en las diferentes áreas geográficas e instituciones psiquiátricas. Si bien la práctica de la malarioterapia en Madrid ya ha sido objeto de estudio, existe un vacío historiográfico sobre el tratamiento con paludismo experimental en Cataluña, a pesar de contar con las series de casos publicadas más extensas. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la experiencia con la malarioterapia de Belarmino Rodríguez Arias y José Pons Balmes que trabajaron, principalmente, en el Servicio Municipal Psiquiátrico de Barcelona (Asilo del Parque) y el Manicomio de San Boi, pero también con pacientes del Hospital Clínico (Provincial) y de clínicas particulares.(AU)


General Paralysis of Insane (GPI) is the last stage of syphilis whose prognosis was dire in the first decades of the 20th century -a mortality rate of over 85% within 2 years of hospitalization-, despite the bromides, mercurials or arsenicals. Malaria therapy, proposed by the Austrian physician Wagner von Jauregg, generated great expectations of cure for the general paralitic so the treatment was spread out of the world. Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora introduced the malaria therapy in Spain in 1924, but there was an unequal implantation of this treatment. Until now, there are not studies on malary therapy in Catalonia, although Belarmino Rodríguez-Arias and José Pons-Balmes published the most extensive case series in Spain. The aim of this article is to describe tha malaria therapy used by both neuropsychiatrits who worked in the Municipal Psychiatric Service in Barcelona (Asilo del Parque), the San Boi Asylum, the Clinic Hospital (Provincial) and private hospitals.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Neurossífilis , História do Século XX , Plasmodium , Malária , Espanha , Ciência/história , História da Medicina
20.
Hist Sci ; 60(4): 439-457, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36427243

RESUMO

A major theme of the European Enlightenment was the rationalization of value, the use of reason to determine the value of things, from diamonds to civilizations. This view of the Enlightenment is well-established in the human sciences. It is ripe for extension to the natural sciences, given the rich recent literature on affect, evaluation, and subjectivity in early modern science. Meanwhile, in art history, the new history of connoisseurship provides a model for the historical study of the evaluation of material things. Historians of natural history have already noted the connections between science, Enlightenment, and connoisseurship. The time has come to extend their insights to other areas of Enlightenment science. This means recognizing the breadth of connoisseurship - the social, linguistic, and disciplinary diversity of the practice - as understood in Europe in the eighteenth century and the latter part of the seventeenth century. An outline of the three papers in this special section gives an indication of how this historiographical project might be carried out.


Assuntos
Historiografia , Ciência , Humanos , Ciência/história , Europa (Continente) , Publicações , Civilização
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